Read the whole preface
text available at: http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/ph/phprefac.htm
Journals due on April 22.
Guidance questions
1. What's the commonness and difference between Hegel and Kant regarding scientific knowledge?
2. How do you understand the statement: "subject is pure and simple negativity" (Φ 18)?
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Jonathan Hicks
ReplyDeleteThe commoness between Hegel and Kant is that they share the same understanding of consciouness about the human mind which is how humans percieve things. The differences between Hegel and Kant is that Hegel, takes philosophy to the extreme.I believe that Hegel shares philosophical views with to many philosophers which contrast with the point that Hegel is trying to make.Where as, Kant perspective is easier to grasp.It's like I can easily grasp the meaning of what Kant is saying in his writings, where as with Hegel things are very difficult to understand because Hegel is writing from the perspective of many different concepts,of different philosophers.
The statement “subject is pure and simple negativity" to me it means a connection with another individual. Subject is a being that has subjective experiences; therefore, it must have subjective perception that is capable to explain an idea. Moreover, this quote reminds me of Descartes because he believed that subjectivity was the essence of the mind and that extension was the essence of matter. Consequently, I think that subject is considered to be pure because it can be any object, such as a person, animal, or idea that cannot be doubted, but if another individual comes and makes an experiment and the analysis of this experiment proves that the result for this object is wrong than the pure subject becomes a simple negativity because it was proven to be wrong. For example, I can make a person believe that 2+3=6 this would be the pure subject; however, another individual can come and test that 2+3=5, so than my pure subject will become a simple negative because is has been proven that this is not the correct answer.
ReplyDeleteEssentially it is Hegel's answer to Kant and his strong disagreement with Kant's unwillingness or inability to close the gap between the subject and the so called "thing in itself" (the "truth" of any object). Kant argued for certain conditions in order for any object to be experienced. These included the "pure" forms of intuition (space and time), which are, by Kant's account, inside of us and imposed by the mind on sensation (they may or may not be also real, we don't and can't know), the pure categories of the understanding- logical constructs such as cause and effect we impose on experience in order to have any coherent experience at all. Hegel approached the goal by emphasizing the subject as the determinant of any truth statement. The self conscious subject (a form of Spirit) does have the Kantian experience conditions of categories (notions to Hegel) that he/she applies to external objects of sensation.
ReplyDeleteHegel states that a subject is constituted by "the process of reflectively mediating itself with itself." Marx and frued both provided a point of departure for questioning the notion of a unitary, autonomous Subject as well. Subjectivity is thus a kind of structural effect - what happens when Nature is diffused, refracted around a field of negativity and the "unity of the subject" for Hegel, is in fact a second-order effect, a "negation of negation". According to Hegel, David humes radical skeptisim was the antitthesis of hegels theory about subject. In my opinion For an individual to think outside the box, one has to be open and connect himself with spirit.
ReplyDeleteI Agree with Jonathan about Hegel sharing philosophical views with many different philosophers, I guess he feels combining different philosophical systems can allow us to gain absolute knowledge, rather than disagree with one another. By different philosopher putting different concept together can lead to the common goal of absolute knowledge. I also feel that Hegel's goal was to make philosophy more than the love of knowing but actually “knowing”.
ReplyDeletekant and hegel make many different points in their quest to indentifed space and time. hegel believe that time and space are part of humanity, and that they both need to be present for a better understanding of knowledge. hegel thinks that the object must play some kind of a sound between it and the subject. kant have a different view where he stated that what if no one is around to hear the sound. for hegel the object had an existance weather it was seen or not. kant did not believe that, hegel believed the subject and object are one when it come to knowledge, he also understood that the subject and object can function separately and one is not require for the other to exist.
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ReplyDeleteHegel is analyzing the "Universal" theme in his essay. He thinks that life is more individual, and that we should analyze our life in an individual way. He also thinks that this is a much easier way of looking at life, than to think so much about the universality of things.
ReplyDeleteWe are who we are as individuals, we live and we die. Hegel said that through our lives we should gain knowledge by having conversations with others and thinking more about the world as it comes.
The difference between kant and Hegel, is that Kant's analyzation of knowledge is more analyzed in depth. Hegel analyzation is more simple and more logical to the human way of living. Kant's theory might be more concrete than Hegel's, but i feel like Hegel's is more realistic.
What they had in common was that they both wanted to get a conscious understanding of how we as humans, understand and perceive knowledge. Hegel differs from other philosophers in no more than the sense of importance in which he gives philosophy in the plan of human experience. Kind of like what Plato and Aristotle did, in which the statements were no satisfactory. Hegel's view of knowledge is wide enough to embrace all forms of knowledge. Kant, on the other hand, believed that scientific knowledge could not be verified or experienced, and that is showed no signs of progress in the understanding of the object in which it dealt with. There is no explanation, nor does it start or deal with experience.
ReplyDeleteBoth Kant and Hegel share the same idea about how humans understand and perceive things. Hegel differs from most philosophers in saying that humans should gain knowledge individually and gradually instead of thinking about it universally.
ReplyDeleteI agree with his plight, especially with the repetitive concepts that we have been hearing about this entire course where philosophers are looking at things universally. I only agree with Hegen's view because I believe philosophy should be practical -- today's discussion should be interesting.
1. What's the commonness and difference between Hegel and Kant regarding scientific knowledge?
ReplyDeleteWhat Hegel and Kant have in common regarding scientific knowledge is that they have an opinion on the human mind and want to understand more about the it. Hegel and Kant also understand how humans perceive things such as knowledge. In my opinion Hegel and Kant are different when regarding scientific knowledge because the way Helgel thoughts about knowledge was more simple and understandable compared to Kant. Kant's ideas were very much more in depth and harder to understand.
SHEILA LOPEZ
Hegal has thoughts about philosophy and the individual not only the universal.
ReplyDeleteIn our class it seems like we always seem to make the connection to things that are universal and not things that are directly related to us. It's interesting to see Hegal as a philosopher speak about philosophy as having "mo essential significance".
It's also interesting to see how even Hegal sees the problem in philosophy where the more we progress our minds, the more contradictions we find.
Having all this knowledge is nice, but in the end, what big difference does it make?
- Kaven Kim
my basic understanding is that both philosophers share some of the same ideals. some of kant of ideas are more complex and hard to understand but hegel ideas are far more easily to grasp.i think the difference between kant and hegel is that both of them disagree with other philosopher about human knowledge and also about science,the way human view scientific knowledge of the universal.also another difference between hegel and kant i think,humans should gain knowledge from experience and not learning from someone else experience.
ReplyDeleteandrew nandalall.